UNIVERSIDAD DE...
Aquatic pollution and habitat loss affect the quality of natural environments and human life around\nthe world. In the last decades the global terrestrial surface covered by forest decreased from 6 billion to 4.060 million hectares. South America, Africa and Oceania are the regions with the highest...
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| Formato: | Tesis doctoral acceptedVersion |
| Lenguaje: | Español |
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Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias
2022
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| Acceso en línea: | http://repositoriouba.sisbi.uba.ar/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.cgi?a=d&c=avaposgra&cl=CL1&d=HWA_7008 https://repositoriouba.sisbi.uba.ar/gsdl/collect/avaposgra/index/assoc/HWA_7008.dir/7008.PDF |
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| Sumario: | Aquatic pollution and habitat loss affect the quality of natural environments and human life around\nthe world. In the last decades the global terrestrial surface covered by forest decreased from 6 billion to 4.060 million hectares. South America, Africa and Oceania are the regions with the highest deforestation rates, with an estimated average annual deforestation rate of 13.7 million hectares per\nyear. The rapid population growth and change in land use, associated with the lack of effective agricultural policies and practices, are having a negative impact on the aquatic environments. These\nenvironments are contaminated by different xenobiotics such as metals, metalloids, and organic\ncompounds, which create a risk for biodiversity and human health. The Atlantic Rain Forest (ARF) or Paranaense forest is among the environments with the greatest biodiversity and number of endemic\nspecies in the world. The most representative area of the ARF is found in the Province of Misiones,\nlocated in the northeastern region of Argentina, this being the most biodiverse in the country,\nespecially in fish. People in Misiones consume poorly treated groundwater and/or surface water and\neat fish that is collected from these potentially contaminated water bodies. On this basis, the presence\nof contaminants in the water not only has a negative impact on biodiversity but also produce/creates\na risk for human health. The purposes of this thesis were: 1) to evaluate the distribution and\naccumulation of 24 metals and metalloids and 18 organic compounds in water, sediments and tissues\n(muscle and gills) of different fish species from the ARF, and also from an urban area of Misiones Province, 2) to evaluate and discuss the potential origin of these metals, metalloids and organic\ncompounds in relation to land use, 3) to assess the risk of consuming water and muscle fish on human\nhealth in the general population and in fishers, and 4) to propose recommendations about water and commercial fish consumption, and about land use to local and regional authorities. Surface water, sediment and fish samples were collected in a) four streams from the Yabotí Biosphere Reserve\n(YBR) in December 2016 and March 2017, b) the Ramos Stream (Oberá, Antonia Ramos Research\nCenter-CIAR) in May and October 2016 and April 2017, and c) the Paraná River and Yabebiry stream\n(San Ignacio department) in May 2017. Thirteen fish species distributed in three orders (Characiforms, Siluriforms and Perciforms) were analyzed in YBR and CIAR, while five fish species\ndistributed in two orders (Characiforms and Siluriforms) were analyzed in San Ignacio department.\nThe assessment of metals and metalloids in the different environmental matrices were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). In YBR, the organic compounds present\nin water, suspended particulate matter, sediment and fish muscle were determined by gas chromatography. In YBR and CIAR, it was observed that levels of Ag, Cu and Se in water and Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Zn in the sediment were higher than the international guidelines for the aquatic biota\nprotection. The level of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Hg, Zn found in muscle of several species (in both studied areas) were above national and international guidelines for human consumption. The bioaccumulation factor (1.05 and 6,936) was higher in gills than in muscle, and indicated that Andromakhe saguazu,\nA. paris, Gymnogeophagus lipokarenos and Steindachnerina biornata were macroconcentrators of\nZn, while Australoheros ykeregua, G. lipokarenos and Hemiancistrus fuliginosus were\nmacroconcentrators of Se and Sr. The Hazard Index (general population) and Target Hazard Quotient\n(general and fisher populations) indicated that there is no risk from regular water or fish consumption.\nThe results obtained in the streams in YBR showed the presence of recent legal organic compounds\nin the different environmental matrices of the non-anthropized areas. Levels of DDTs (<3.63 ng L\n-1) and endosulfans (<21.8 ng L-1) in surface water were above international guidelines for the protection\nof aquatic life in several streams for both sampling periods. HCHs, DDTs, endosulfans, and chlorpyrifos were detected in suspended particulate matter and sediments from three streams, while\n?-HCH (<60.3 ng g-1\nlipid weight), chlorpyrifos (<698 ng g-1 lipid weight), p,p´-DDD (<367 ng g-1lipid weight), and ?-endosulfans (<209 ng g-1lipid weight) were detected in fish muscle tissue in\n6 several streams. The presence of chlorpyrifos and endosulfans is likely associated with a recent use\nof these compound, while the presence of DDx/DDT total ratios suggested a past use of these compounds. In San Ignacio department, the highest concentration of Ba, Fe, Sr and Zn were found in\nwater, however, the concentration of metals and metalloids in water were below the guide values for\nthe protection of the aquatic biota. The concentration of As, Cr, Cu Ni and Mn in sediment and the concentration of As, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in muscle of several species were above the guide value for the protection of the aquatic biota and human consumption. The bioaccumulation factor showed that the species Hemiodus orthonops, Steindachnerina brevipinna and Trachydoras paraguayensis from Puerto Maní were a macroconcentrator of Hg, Mg, Cd and Zn, while S. brevipinna from Yabebiry was a microconcentrator of Hg. The Hazard Index (general population) and Target Hazard Quotient (general and fisher populations) indicated that there was no risk from regular water or fish\nconsumption. The results of this study highlighted the need to establish better regulation and action\nguidelines to reduce the anthropogenic effect on natural areas. Furthermore, it is essential to improve\nthe regulation and control of water resources in natural and anthropized areas, to reduce the impact of human activities on water bodies and to improve the quality of water provided to the population.\nIn this sense, specific recommendations about water, fish muscle consumption and land use were proposed with the aim of contributing, with robust scientific knowledge, to the design and improvement of public policies that target the use of natural resources and the reduction of the anthropogenic impact on these natural areas and over water bodies in urban areas |
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