Different length scale Mesoporous films Mesoporous materials Mesoporous thin films Nanocomposites Pore size Sol-gels Thin films Titanium dioxide Alkanethiols Anodes Applied magnetic fields Aqueous solutions Aqueous suspensions Artificial photosynthesis Aspect ratio Bifunctionalization Biological functions Building blockes Carbon-based Catalyst activity Catalytic behavior Catalytic oxidation Catalytic properties Chemical modification Chemical properties Chemical surface modification Complex structure Controlled environment Controlled self-assembly