Microfacies of carbonate rocks : analysis, interpretation and application /

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Autor principal: Flügel, Erik
Formato: Desconocido
Lenguaje:Español
Publicado: Berlin : Springer, 2010
Edición:2nd ed.
Materias:
Aporte de:Registro referencial: Solicitar el recurso aquí
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • 1. New Perspectives in Microfacies. 1.1. The Microfacies Concept
  • 1.2. New Perspectives
  • 2. Carbonate Depositional Environments. 2.1. Introduction
  • 2.1.1. Carbonates are Born not Made
  • 2.1.2. The ‘Sorby Principle’: Limestones are Predominantly Biogenic Sediments
  • 2.1.3. Modern Carbonates: Obligatory Reading
  • 2.2. Carbonate Sediments Originate on Land and in the Sea
  • 2.3 Classification of Marine Environments
  • 2.3.1 Boundary Levels
  • 2.3.2 Vertical and Horizontal Zonations
  • 2.3.2.1 Vertical Zonations
  • 2.3.2.2 Horizontal Zonations
  • 2.4 Review of Modern Carbonate Depositional Environments
  • 2.4.1 Non-Marine Carbonate Environments
  • 2.4.1.1 Pedogenic Carbonates, Paleosols, and Caliche/Calcretes
  • 2.4.1.2 Palustrine Carbonates
  • 2.4.1.3 Cave Carbonates, Speleothems and Karst
  • 2.4.1.5 Glacial Carbonates
  • 2.4.1.6 Travertine, Calcareous Tufa and Calcareous Sinter
  • 2.4.1.7 Lacustrine Carbonates: Lakes
  • 2.4.1.8 Fluvial Carbonates
  • 2.4.2 Transitional Marginal-Marine Environments: Shorelines and Peritidal Sediments
  • 2.4.2.1 Beach (Foreshore), Barriers and Coastal Lagoons
  • .4.2.2 Peritidal Environments
  • 2.4.3 Shallow-Marine Sedimentary Environments: ‘Shallow’ and ‘Deep’
  • 2.4.3.1 Pericontinental vs Epicontinental Shallow Seas
  • 2.4.3.2 Carbonate Shelves, Ramps and Platforms
  • 2.4.3.3 Shelf Margins
  • 2.4.3.4 Reefs
  • 2.4.4 Tropical and Non-Tropical Carbonates: Different in Composition, Controls and Significance
  • 2.4.4.1 Latitudinal Zonation and Diagnostic Criteria of Tropical and Non-Tropical Carbonates
  • 2.4.4.2 Tropical and Subtropical Shallow-Marine Carbonates
  • 2.4.4.3 Non-Tropical Shelf and Reef Carbonates
  • 2.4.5 Deep-Marine Environments
  • 2.4.5.1 Settings
  • 2.4.5.2 Sedimentation Processes
  • 2.4.5.3 Pelagic Sedimentation
  • 2.4.5.4 Resedimentation (‘Allochthonous Carbonates’)
  • 2.4.5.5 Carbonate Plankton and Carbonate Oozes
  • 2.4.5.6 Preservation Potential and Dissolution Levels
  • 2.4.5.7 Carbonate Slopes, Periplatform Carbonates and Caronate Aprons
  • 2.4.6 Seep and Vent Carbonates
  • Microfacies Analysis. 3 Methods
  • 3.1 Field Work and Sampling
  • 3.1.1 Field Observations
  • 3.1.1.1 Lithology, Texture and Rock Colors
  • 3.1.1.2 Bedding and Stratification, Sedimentary Structures and Diagenetic Features
  • 3.1.1.3 Fossils and Biogenic Structures
  • 3.1.1.4 Field Logs and Compositional Logs
  • 3.1.2 Sampling
  • 3.1.2.1 Search Sampling and Statistical Sampling
  • 3.1.2.2 How Many Samples?
  • 3.1.2.3 Practical Advice for Microfacies Sampling
  • 3.2 Laboratory Work: Techniques
  • 3.2.1 Slices, Peels and Thin Sections
  • 3.2.2 Casts, Etching and Staining
  • 3.2.3 Microscopy
  • 3.2.3.1 Petrographic Microscopy
  • 3.2.3.2 Stereoscan Microscopy
  • 3.2.3.3 Fluorescence, Cathodoluminescence and Fluid Inclusion Microscopy
  • 3.2.4 Mineralogy and Geochemistry
  • 3.2.5 Trace Elements and Stable Isotope Analysis
  • 4 Microfacies Data: Matrix and Grains
  • 4.1 Fine-Grained Carbonate Matrix: Micrite, Microspar, Calcisiltite
  • 4.1.1 Micrite
  • 4.1.2 Modes of Formation of Micrite and Other Fine-Grained Matrix Types
  • 4.1.3 Microspar
  • 4.1.4 Calcisiltite
  • 4.1.5 Practical Aids in Describing and Interpreting Fine-Grained Limestones
  • 4.1.6 Significance of Fine-Grained Carbonates
  • 4.2 Carbonate Grains
  • 4.2.1 Bioclasts (Skeletal Grains)
  • 4.2.2 Peloids: Just a Term of Ignorance?
  • 4.2.3 Cortoids – Carbonate Grains Characterized by Micrite Envelope
  • 4.2.4 Oncoids and Rhodoids
  • 4.2.4.1 Oncoids
  • 4.2.4.2 Rhodoids and Macroids
  • 4.2.5 Ooids
  • 4.2.6 Pisoids and Vadoids – Simply ‘Larger Ooids’ or Carbonate Grains on their Own?
  • 4.2.7 Aggregate Grains: Grapestones, Lumps and Other Composite Grains
  • 4.2.8 Resediments: Intra-, Extra- and Lithoclasts – Insiders and Foreigners
  • 4.2.8.1 Intraclasts: Origin and Facies-Diagnostic Types
  • 4.2.8.2 Extraclasts: Strange Foreigners
  • 4.3 Morphometry of Carbonate Grains
  • 4.3.1 Intentions and Methods
  • 4.3.2 Significance of Morphometric Data for Carbonate Grains
  • 5 Microfacies Data: Fabrics
  • 5.1 Depositional and Diagenetic Fabrics
  • 5.1.1 Geopetal Fabrics
  • 5.1.2 Biofabrics and Grain Orientation
  • 5.1.3 Bedding and Lamination Fabrics
  • 5.1.4 Burrowing and Bioturbation Fabrics
  • 5.1.5 Birdseyes, Fenestral Fabrics and Stromatactis
  • 5.1.5.1 Birdseyes
  • 5.1.5.2 Fenestral Fabrics
  • 5.1.5.3 Stromatactis
  • 5.1.5.4 Significance of Birdseyes, Fenestral Fabrics and Stromatactis
  • 5.1.6 Nodular Fabrics
  • 5.2 Discontinuity Surfaces: From Microfacies to Sequence Stratigraphy
  • 5.2.1 Classification of Discontinuities
  • 5.2.2 Major Criteria of Discontinuities
  • 5.2.3 Microfacies Criteria and Significance of Exposure Surfaces
  • 5.2.4 Microfacies Criteria and Significance of Condensation Surfaces and Hardgrounds
  • 5.2.4.1 Hardgrounds
  • 5.2.4.2 Condensation Surfaces and Condensed Sections
  • 5.2.5 Discontinuities and Sequence Stratigraphy
  • 5.3 Syn- and Postdepositional Features: Fissures, Veins, Breccias
  • 5.3.1 Sediment-Filled Fissures: Neptunian Dikes and Fissure Fills
  • 5.3.1.1 Origin, Development and Filling of Sedimentary Fissures
  • 5.3.1.2 Microfacies Analysis of Neptunian Dikes
  • 5.3.1.3 Case Studies of Neptunian Dikes in Carbonates
  • 5.3.1.4 Significance of Sediment-Filled Fissures
  • 5.3.2 Microfractures and Veins (Calcite Veins)
  • 5.3.2.1 Origin and Classification of Calcite Veins
  • 5.3.2.2 Descriptive Criteria of Calcite-Filled Microfractures
  • 5.3.2.3 Significance of Microfractures in Carbonate Rocks
  • 5.3.3 Carbonate Breccias and Conglomerates
  • 5.3.3.1 Terminology
  • 5.3.3.2 How to Describe Carbonate Breccias?
  • 5.3.3.3 Carbonate Breccia Types: Origin, Classification, Criteria
  • 5.3.3.4 Carbonate Conglomerates
  • 5.3.3.5 Significance of Carbonate Breccias and Conglomerates
  • 6 Quantitative Microfacies Analysis
  • 6.1 Grain-Size Analysis
  • 6.1.1 Grain-Size Analysis: Methods and Aims
  • 6.1.1.1 Measuring Grain Sizes and Describing Size Distributions
  • 6.1.1.2 Approaches to the Environmental Interpretation of Grain-Size Data
  • 6.1.1.3 Grain-Size Analysis in Thin Sections
  • 6.1.2 Grain-Size Studies of Modern and Ancient Carbonates
  • 6.1.2.1 Grain-Size Studies of Modern Carbonate Sediments
  • 6.1.2.2 Application of Grain-Size Analyses to Carbonate Rocks
  • 6.1.2.3 Significance of Grain-Size Studies of Carbonate Rocks
  • 6.2 Frequency Analysis of Microfacies Data
  • 6.2.1 Methods of Frequency Analyses
  • 6.2.1.1 Counting
  • 6.2.1.2 Estimating
  • 6.2.1.3 Image Analysis
  • 6.2.1.4 Constituent Ranking, Diversity and Maturity
  • 6.2.1.5 Integrated Frequency Studies of Reef Carbonates
  • 6.2.2 Practical Advice
  • 6.3 Multivariate Microfacies Studies - 6.3.1 Methods: Variations between Constituents and between Samples
  • 6.3.2 Significance of Multivariate Studies: Constituent Analysis as a Clue to Environmental Conditions and Depositional Settings
  • 7 Diagenesis, Porosity, and Dolomitization
  • 7.1 Carbonate Mineralogy and Diagenetic Processes
  • 7.1.1 Modern Carbonate Sediments and Ancient Carbonate Rocks
  • 7.1.2 Common Carbonate Minerals
  • 7.1.3 Diagenetic Processes and Controls
  • 7.1.4 From Soft Sediments to Hard Rocks
  • 7.1.5 Oscillating Trends in Phanerozoic Carbonate Mineralogy
  • 7.1.5.1 Secular Variations
  • 7.1.5.2 How to Recognize Former Aragonite and Mg-Calcite Mineralogy in Ancient Low-Calcite Limestones?
  • 7.2 Major Diagenetic Environments
  • 7.2.1 Meteoric, Marine and Burial Diagenesis
  • 7.2.1.1 Meteoric (Freshwater) Diagenesis
  • 7.2.1.2 Mixing Zone and Marine Vadose Environment
  • 7.2.1.3 Marine Diagenesis
  • 7.2.1.4 Burial Diagenesis
  • 7.2.2 Early and Late Diagenesis
  • 7.3 Porosity of Carbonate Rocks
  • 7.3.1 Porosity Categories, Pore Geometry and Permeability
  • 7.3.1.1 Basic Definitions
  • 7.3.1.2 Pore Geometry and Permeability
  • 7.3.1.3 Porosity Measurements and Pore Types in Thin Sections
  • 7.3.2 Porosity Terminology and Classification
  • 7.3.3 Porosity in Limestones and Dolomites
  • 7.4 Pore-Filling Processes: Cementation
  • 7.4.1 Controls on Carbonate Cementation
  • 7.4.2 Morphology and Fabrics of Cement Types
  • 7.4.2.1 Cement Types
  • 7.4.2.2 Cement Fabrics
  • 7.4.3 Cement Types and Diagenetic Environments
  • 7.4.4 Facies-Controlled Diagenesis
  • 7.4.4.1 Carbonate Platforms and Ramps
  • 7.4.4.2 Reefs
  • 7.4.4.3 Cold-Water vs. Warm-Water Diagenesis
  • 7.4.5 Diagenetic Pathways and Patterns
  • 7.5 Diagenetic Textures - 7.5.1 Mechanical Processes: Compaction
  • 7.5.2 Chemical Processes: Pressure Solution and Stylolitization
  • 7.5.3 Significance of Compaction and Pressure Solution
  • 7.6 Neomorphic Processes: Alteration and Recrystallization
  • 7.6 1 Recrystallized Carbonate Rocks: What to do?
  • 7.6.2 How to describe Recrystallized Carbonate Rocks? - 7.7 Sparite: Recrystallization Product or Carbonate Cement?
  • 7.8 Dolomitization and Dedolomitization
  • 7.8.1 Descriptive Criteria and Terminology of Dolomite Fabrics
  • 7.8.1.1 Thin-Section Description and Terminology of Dolomite Rocks
  • 7.8.1.2 Dolomite Cement
  • 7.8.1.3 Value of Dolomite Textures
  • 7.8.2 Some Dolomitization Models
  • 7.8.2.1 Dolomites Associated with Evaporites
  • 7.8.2.2 Mixing-Water and Seawater Models
  • 7.8.2.3 Subsurface Burial Dolomites
  • 7.8.3 Dedolomitization
  • 7.8.3.1 Textural Criteria for Recognizing Dedolomitization
  • 7.8.3.2 Origin of Dedolomite
  • 7.8.3.3 Significance of Dedolomitization
  • 7.9 Metamorphic Carbonate and Marbles
  • 8 Classification – A Name for Your Sample
  • 8.1 Basic Concepts
  • 8.2 Reef Limestones and Microbial Carbonates (Autochthonous Carbonates)
  • 8.3 Classifications Based on Depositional Texture
  • 8.3.1 Prerequisites
  • 8.3.2 Original and Expanded Dunham Classification
  • 8.3.2.1 Concepts
  • 8.3.2.2 Discussion
  • 8.3.2 Original and Expanded Folk Classification
  • 8.3.2.1 Concepts
  • 8.3.2.2 Discussion
  • 8.4 Specific Classifications
  • 8.4.1 Diagenetic Changes in Depositional Textures
  • 8.4.2 Some Nonmarine Carbonates Need very Specific Names
  • 8.5 Classification of Mixed Siliciclastic-Carbonate Rocks
  • 8.6 A Name for Your Samples: Some Practical Advice
  • 9 Limestones are Biological Sediments
  • 9.1 Microbial Carbonates and Stromatolites
  • 9.1.1 Bacterial Contribution to Carbonate Precipitation
  • 9.1.2 How to Recognize Microbial Carbonates?
  • 9.1.3 Describing and Classifying Benthic Microbial Carbonates
  • 9.1.3.1 Terminology and Descriptive Criteria
  • 9.1.3.2 Classification of Benthic Microbial Carbonates
  • 9.1.4 Stromatolites are Laminated Microbialites
  • 9.1.5 Occurrence and Significance of Microbialites and Stromatolites
  • 9.1.5.1 Development through Time
  • 9.1.5.2 Paleoenvironmental Significance of Microbial Carbonates
  • 9.1.5.3 Economic Importance of Stromatolites
  • 9.2 Biogenic Encrustations
  • 9.2.1 Criteria and Constraints of Encrusters
  • 9.2.2 Phanerozoic Encrusters
  • 9.2.3 Significance of Encrustation Patterns in Recognizing Depositional Settings and Environmental Controls
  • 9.3 Bioerosion, Boring and Grazing Organisms
  • 9.3.1 Recent and Fossil Microborers
  • 9.3.2 Recent and Fossil Macroborers
  • 9.3.3 Micro- and Macroboring through Time
  • 9.3.3.1 Qualitative Changes in Micro- and Macroborer Groups
  • 9.3.3.2 Quantitative Changes in the Intensity of Macroboring in Coral Reefs
  • 9.3.4 Microborer Associations are Proxies for Paleo-Water Depths
  • 9.4 Practical Advice: How to Describe Microbialites and Stromatolites, Biogenic Encrustations and Borings?
  • 10 Fossils in Thin Section: It is Not That Difficult
  • 10.1 Specifics of Thin-Section Fossils
  • 10.1.1 How to Determine Fossils in Thin Sections?
  • 10.1.2 Which Fossils in which Time Interval?
  • 10.1.3 Practical Advice
  • 10.2 Diagnostic Criteria of Fossils in Thin Sections
  • 10.2.1 Cyanobacteria and Calcareous Algae
  • 10.2.1.1 Cyanobacteria and Calcimicrobes
  • 10.2.1.2 Corallinacean and Peyssoneliacean Red Algae
  • 10.2.1.3 Solenoporacean Red Algae
  • 10.2.1.4 Ancestral Red Algae and Problematic Red Algae
  • 10.2.1.5 Udoteacean Green Algae and Gymnocodiacean Algae
  • Microfacies Interpretation
  • 11 Summarizing Microfacies Criteria: Microfacies Types
  • 11.1 MFT Concepts
  • 11.2 How to Differentiate Meaningful Microfacies Types
  • 11.3 Making Microfacies Types
  • 12 Recognizing Paleoenvironmental Conditions
  • 12.1 Reconstructing Environmental Constraints
  • 12.1.1 Hydrodynamic Controls
  • 12.1.1.1 Hydrodynamic Energy Levels
  • 12.1.1.2 Classifying Low-Energy and High-Energy Environments
  • 12.1.1.3 Paleocurrent Data
  • 12.1.2 Storms
  • 12.1. 2.1 Storm Deposits (Tempestites) on Shelves, Ramps and Platforms
  • 12.1.2.2 Impact of Tropical Storms on Reefs
  • 12.1.2.3 Significance of Carbonate Storm Deposits
  • 12.1.3 Marine Carbonate Substrates
  • 12.1.3.1 Carbonate Substrate Types and Organism-Sediment Interactions
  • 12.1.3.2 Recognizing Substrate Types
  • 12.1.4 Light
  • 12.1.4.1 Zonation and Light Conditions
  • 12.1.4.2 Recognition of Photic and Aphotic Conditions
  • 12.1.5 Oxygen
  • 12.1.5.1 Terminology and Classification
  • 12.1.5.2 Recognizing Paleo-Oxygenation
  • 12.1.5.3 Case Study: Black Shale Development on a Carbonate Platform
  • 12.1.6 Seawater Temperature
  • 12.1.6.1 Seawater Temperature: Biotic Proxies
  • 12.1.6.2 Geochemical Proxies of Seawater Temperatures
  • 12.1.7 Salinity
  • 12.1.7.1 Biotic and Microfacies Proxies of Paleosalinity
  • 12.1.7.2 Geochemical Proxies of Paleosalinity
  • 12.1.7.3 Microfacies Proxies for Hypersaline and Evaporitic Conditions
  • 12.1.8 Productivity and Nutrients
  • 12.1.8.1 Nutrients
  • 12.1.8.2 Estimating Paleonutrient Levels
  • 12.1.8.3 Effects of Nutrient Excess on Reef and Platform Carbonates
  • 12.2 Estimating Paleoclimatic Conditions: Grain Association Analysis
  • 12.2.1 Concepts
  • 12.2.2 Practical Advice, Examples and State of Current Information
  • 12.2.2.1 Distinguishing Grain Association Types
  • 12.2.2.2 Examples
  • 12.2.2.3 State of the Art
  • 12.3 Assessing Water Depths
  • 12.3.1 Hints to Paleowater Depths
  • 12.3.2 Case Study: Assessing the Water Depth of a Carbonate Ramp
  • 12.4 Looking for Seismic Events
  • 13 Integrated Facies Analysis
  • 13.1 Non-Carbonate Constituents
  • 13.1.1 Insoluble Residues (IR): Clay Minerals and Detrital Quartz
  • 13.1.2 Authigenic Minerals
  • 13.1.2.1 Silicification of Carbonates, Authigenic Feldspar and Glauconite
  • 13.1.2.2 Sulfides: Pyrite
  • 13.1.2.3 Sulfates: Evaporite Minerals
  • 13.1.2.4 Phosphates
  • 13.2 Geochemical Proxies
  • 13.2.1 Trace Elements
  • 13.2.2 Strontium and Manganese - Favorite Tools for Facies Studies
  • 13.2.3 Significance of Trace Elements in Facies Studies of Carbonate Rocks
  • 13.2.4 Stable Isotopes
  • 13.3 Organic Matter in Carbonate Rocks
  • 14 Depositional Models, Facies Zones and Standard Microfacies
  • 14.1 Depositional Facies Models
  • 14.1.1 Conceptual, Dynamic and Computer Models
  • 14.1.1.1 Conceptual Models
  • 14.1.1.2 Dynamic Models
  • 14.1.1.3 Numerical Models
  • 14.1.2 Basic Elements of Carbonate Facies Models
  • 14.1.2.1 Common Facies Belts
  • 14.1.2.2 Common Depositional Patterns
  • 14.1.2.3 Different Depositional Settings Require Different Facies Models
  • 14.1.3 Facies Zones of Rimmed Carbonate Platforms: The Wilson Model
  • 14.1.3.1 Standard Facies Zones and the Modified Wilson Model
  • 14.1.3.2 Discussion and Use of Standard Facies Zones
  • 14.1.4 Carbonate Ramp Model
  • 14.1.5 Non-rimmed Shelves and Platforms
  • 14.1.6 Isolated Platforms and Atolls
  • 14.1.7 Epeiric Platform Model
  • 14.1.8 Epeiric Ramp Model
  • 14.2 Biotic Zonation Patterns
  • 14.2.1 Concepts and Methods
  • 14.2.2 Case Study: Foraminiferal Distribution in Late Triassic Reefs and Platforms
  • 14.3 Standard Microfacies Types (SMF)
  • 14.3.1 Revised Standard Microfacies Types
  • 14.3.2 Discussion of Standard Microfacies Types
  • 14.3.3 Stratigraphic Microfacies Types
  • 14.3.4 Common Microfacies Types of Carbonate Ramps
  • 14.3.4.1 Microfacies Criteria of Carbonate Ramps
  • 14.3.4.2 Microfacies Types of Carbonate Ramps
  • 14.3.5 Tracing Facies Zones with Microfacies Types
  • 14.3.6 Determining Standard Microfacies Types: A Practical Guide
  • 14.4 Dynamic Microfacies Types and Environmental Changes
  • 15 Basin Analysis: Recognizing Depositional Settings
  • 15.1 Pedogenic Carbonates
  • 15.1.1 Microfacies Criteria of Paleocaliche
  • 15.1.2 Significance of Paleocaliche and Paleosols
  • 15.2 Paleokarst and Ancient Speleothems
  • 15.2.1 Diagnostic Criteria of Paleokarst and Paleospeleothem Structures
  • 15.2.2 Significance of Paleokarst and Cave Carbonates
  • 15.3 Travertine, Calcareous Tufa and Calcareous Sinter
  • 15.4 Lacustrine and Palustrine Carbonates
  • 15.4.1 Microfacies of Lacustrine Carbonates
  • 15.4.1.1 Microfacies Criteria
  • 15.4.1.2 Microfacies Types of Lacustrine Limestones
  • 15.4.1.3 Distribution of Lacustrine Microfacies Types
  • 15.4.2 Palustrine Carbonates
  • 15.5 Peritidal Carbonates
  • 15.5.1 Criteria of Peritidal Limestones
  • 15.5.1.1 Definitions
  • 15.5.1.2 Major Facies Criteria of Peritidal Carbonates
  • 15.5.1.3 Synopsis of Diagnostic Criteria
  • 15.5.2 Case Study: Middle Devonian Peritidal Carbonates from Poland
  • 15.6 Carbonate Platforms and Ramps
  • 15.6.1 Ecological Controls on Platforms and Ramps
  • 15.6.2 The Response of Carbonate Platforms to Drowning
  • 15.6.2.1 Microfacies Signals of Drowning History
  • 15.6.2.2 Case Study: Platform Drowning Reflected by Microfacies
  • 15.6.3 Case Studies: Platform and Ramp Carbonates
  • 15.6.3.1 A Late Jurassic Bahamian-Type Carbonate Platform from the Northern Calcareous Alps
  • 15.6.3.2 A Middle Devonian Ramp from Graz, Southern Austria
  • 15.6.3.3 A Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous Ramp from the Subsurface of Southern Bavaria, Germany
  • 15.7 Platform-Slope-Basin Transects
  • 15.7.1 Types and Composition of Carbonate Slopes
  • 15.7.2 Allochthonous Slope and Basin Deposits: Diagnostic Criteria
  • 15.7.2.1 Submarine Rockfalls
  • 15.7.2.2 Breccias and Megabreccias
  • 15.7.2.3 Debris-Flow Deposits
  • 15.7.2.4 Grain-Flow Deposits
  • 15.7.2.5 Turbidites
  • 15.7.2.6 Sliding and Slumping
  • 15.7.3 Microfacies of Slope Carbonates: Case Studies
  • 15.7.3.1 Permian of Sicily: Megablocks and Base-of-Slope Carbonates
  • 15.7.3.2 Triassic of the Southern Alps: Allochthonous Slope Sediments
  • 15.7.3.3 Jurassic of Morocco: Platform-Slope-Basin Transect
  • 15.7.3.4 Jurassic of the Northern Calcareous Alps: Detailed Information from Limestone Turbidites on Source and Deposition Patterns
  • 15.7.4 Slope Stability Reflected by Texture and Microfacies
  • 15.7.5 Tracing Platform-Basin Transitions Using Grain Composition Logs
  • 15.7.5.1 Concept and Methods
  • 15.7.5.2 Case Study: Late Triassic of the Gosaukamm Region, Austria
  • 15.8 Pelagic Deep-Marine Carbonates
  • 15.8.1 Setting, Controls and Biota of Pelagic Limestones
  • 15.8.2 Examples and Case Studies of Pelagic Carbonates
  • 15.8.2.1 Microfacies of Paleozoic Basinal Carbonates
  • 15.8.2.2 Microfacies of Mesozoic Basinal Carbonates
  • 15.8.3 Contourites
  • 16 Realizing Depositional Constraints and Processes
  • 16.1 Cyclic Carbonates, Microfacies and Sequence Stratigraphy
  • 16.1.1 Cyclic Carbonates
  • 16.1.1.1 Cyclic Carbonates: Some Basics
  • 16.1.1.2 Microfacies and Cyclic Carbonates
  • 16.1.1.3 Case Studies: The Lofer Cycle and the Latemar Cycle (Triassic of the Alps)
  • 16.1.2 Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy
  • 16.1.2.1 Sequence Analysis: Some Basics
  • 16.1.2.2 Microfacies Data Applied to Sequence Stratigraphy
  • 16.1.2.3 Case Studies: Sea-Level Fluctuations and Systems Tracts Documented by Microfacies
  • 16.2 Understanding Reef Carbonates
  • 16.2.1 What is a Reef?
  • 16.2.2 Reef Types
  • 16.2.3 Reef Fossils
  • 16.2.3.1 Reef Biota: Compositional Changes during Time
  • 16.2.3.2 Reef Guilds: Ecologic Units
  • 16.2.4 How to Classify Reef Carbonates?
  • 16.2.5 Microfacies Approach to Reef Studies
  • 16.2.5.1 Basic Constituents of Reef and Mound Carbonates
  • 16.2.5.2 Describing Reef Carbonates: A Practical Guide
  • 16.2.6 Case Studies of Some Ancient Reefs
  • 16.2.6.1 Mud Mounds: The Early Devonian ‘Kess Kess’ Mounds in the Anti-Atlas, Southern Morocco
  • 16.2.6.2 Waulsortian Mud Mounds: Early Carboniferous (Lower Mississippian) Muleshoe Mound, Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, U.S.A
  • 16.2.6.3 Reefs: The Capitan Reef, Permian Reef Complex, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas and New Mexico, U.S.A.
  • 16.3 Fingerprinting Lost Platforms
  • 16.3.1 Methods
  • 16.3.2 Case Studies
  • 16.3.2.1 Case Study: Platform Facies Patterns Derived from the Microfacies of Early Carboniferous Conglomerates (Southern Spain)
  • 16.3.2.2 Case Study: Reconstruction of Paleo-Escarpments from Microfacies Data
  • 16.4 Recognizing Ancient Cool-Water Carbonates
  • 16.4.1 Microfacies Criteria of Non-Tropical Cold-Water Shelf and Reef Limestones
  • 16.4.2 Case Study: Early Tertiary Cool-Water Coral Reef
  • 16.5 Testing for Ancient Vent and Seep Carbonates
  • 16.5.1 Diagnostic Criteria of Ancient Seep and Vent Carbonates
  • 16.5.2 Case Studies
  • 16.5.2.1 Late Eocene ‘Whiskey Creek’ Seep Carbonates of Washington State, U.S.A.
  • 16.5.2.2 Early Cretaceous Seep Carbonates in the Canadian Arctic
  • 16.6 Mixed Carbonate-Siliciclastic Settings and Limestone/Marl Sequences
  • 16.6.1 Carbonate-Siliciclastic Environments
  • 16.6.1.1 Modern Carbonate-Siliciclastic Environments
  • 16.6.1.2 Ancient Mixed Carbonate-Siliciclastic Environments
  • 16.6.1.3 Describing Carbonate-Siliciclastic Sediments: Practical Advice
  • 16.6.2 Limestone-Marl Sequences: Primary or/and Diagenetic Origin?
  • 16.7 Secular Variations in Carbonate Depositional Patterns and Temporal Changes in Microfacies Criteria
  • 16.7.1 Changes of Major Carbonate Depositional Environments During Time
  • 16.7.1.1 Phanerozoic Carbonate Platforms
  • 16.7.1.2 Phanerozoic Reef Patterns
  • 16.7.1.3 Pelagic Carbonates
  • 16.7.2 Differences in Phanerozoic Benthic Carbonate Factories
  • 16.7.3 Temporal Changes in Non-Skeletal and Skeletal Mineralogy
  • 16.7.4 Temporal Changes in th
  • Practical Use of Microfacies
  • 17 Reservoir Rocks and Host Rocks
  • 17.1 Carbonate Hydrocarbon Reservoirs
  • 17.1.1 Distribution of Carbonate Reservoirs during Time
  • 17.1.2 Depositional Setting and Environmental Controls of Carbonate Reservoirs
  • 17.1.2.1 Depositional Setting
  • 17.1.2.2 Environmental Controls
  • 17.1.3 Diagenetic Controls on Carbonate Reservoirs
  • 17.1.3.1 Reservoir Properties
  • 17.1.3.2 Diagenetic Controls on Reservoir Properties
  • 17.1.4 Methods
  • 17.1.4.1 Seismic Interpretation
  • 17.1.4.2 Log Response
  • 17.1.4.3 Cores and Cuttings
  • 17.1.4.4 Reservoir-Related Outcrop Analog Studies
  • 17.1.5 Microfacies, Lithofacies and Reservoir Rock Types
  • 17.1.5.1 Reservoir Heterogeneity
  • 17.1.5.2 Relevant Microfacies Data
  • 15.1.5.3 Reservoir Rock Types and Facies Criteria
  • 17.2 Carbonate-Hosted Mineral Deposits
  • 17.2.1 Ore Deposits and Carbonate Settings
  • 17.2.2 Microfacies and Ore Deposits
  • 18 Carbonate Rock Resources, Facies, Weathering, Preservation
  • 18.1 Industrial Use of Carbonate Rocks
  • 18.2 Exploration and Exploitation of Carbonate Rocks
  • 18.3 Facies and Physical-Chemical Properties of Carbonate Rocks
  • 18.4 Weathering, Decay and Preservation of Carbonate Rocks
  • 18.4.1 Weathering of Carbonate Rocks
  • 18.4.2 Preservation
  • 19 Microfacies and Archaeology
  • 19.1 Questions and Methods
  • 19.2 Building Stones
  • 19.2.1 Building Stones: Methods
  • 19.2.2 Building Stones: Examples
  • 19.3 Mosaic Material
  • 19.3.1 Mosaic Material: Methods
  • 19.3.2 Mosaic Material: Examples
  • 19.4 Works of Art
  • 19.4.1 Works of Art: Methods
  • 19.4.2 Works of Art: Example
  • 19.5 Ceramics
  • 19.5.1 Ceramics: Methods
  • 19.5.2 Ceramics: Example
  • 19.6 Marble Studies
  • 19.7 Antony and Cleopatra: Tracing a Famous Love Affair
  • 20 Adding Some Samples / Axel Munnecke.