The revised Trypanosoma cruzi subspecific nomenclature: Rationale, epidemiological relevance and research applications

The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, its mammalian reservoirs, and vectors have existed in nature for millions of years. The human infection, named Chagas disease, is a major public health problem for Latin America. T. cruzi is genetically highly diverse and the understanding of the population structure...

Descripción completa

Guardado en:
Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: Zingales, B.
Otros Autores: Miles, M.A, Campbell, D.A, Tibayrenc, M., Macedo, A.M, Teixeira, M.M.G, Schijman, A.G, Llewellyn, M.S, Lages-Silva, E., Machado, C.R, Andrade, S.G, Sturm, N.R
Formato: Capítulo de libro
Lenguaje:Inglés
Publicado: 2012
Acceso en línea:Registro en Scopus
DOI
Handle
Registro en la Biblioteca Digital
Aporte de:Registro referencial: Solicitar el recurso aquí
LEADER 44439caa a22029297a 4500
001 PAPER-23482
003 AR-BaUEN
005 20230607131916.0
008 190411s2012 xx ||||fo|||| 00| 0 eng|d
024 7 |2 scopus  |a 2-s2.0-84857655347 
040 |a Scopus  |b spa  |c AR-BaUEN  |d AR-BaUEN 
030 |a IGENC 
100 1 |a Zingales, B. 
245 1 4 |a The revised Trypanosoma cruzi subspecific nomenclature: Rationale, epidemiological relevance and research applications 
260 |c 2012 
270 1 0 |m Zingales, B.; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; email: zingales@iq.usp.br 
506 |2 openaire  |e Política editorial 
504 |a Alarcón de Noya, B., Díaz-Bello, Z., Colmenares, C., Ruiz-Guevara, R., Mauriello, L., Zavala-Jaspe, R., Large urban outbreak of orally acquired acute Chagas disease at a school in Caracas (2010) Venezuela. J. Infect. Dis., 201, pp. 1308-1315 
504 |a Andersson, J., Orn, A., Sunnemark, D., Chronic murine Chagas' disease: the impact of host and parasite genotypes (2003) Immunol. Lett., 86, pp. 207-212 
504 |a Andrade, L.O., Machado, C.R.S., Chiari, E., Pena, S.D.J., Macedo, A., Differential tissue distribution of diverse clones of Trypanosoma cruzi in infected mice (1999) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 100, pp. 163-172 
504 |a Andrade, L.O., Machado, C.R.S., Chiari, E., Pena, S.D.J., Macedo, A., Trypanosoma cruzi: a role of the host genetic background in the differential tissue distribution of parasite clonal populations (2002) Exp. Parasitol., 100, pp. 269-275 
504 |a Andrade, S.G., Caracterização de cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi isoladas do Recôncavo Baiano (1974) Rev. Patol. Trop., 3, pp. 65-121 
504 |a Andrade, S.G., Magalhães, J.B., Biodemes and zymodemes of Trypanosoma cruzi (1997) Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 30, pp. 27-35 
504 |a Andrade, V., Barral-Netto, M., Andrade, S.G., Patterns of resistance of inbred mice to Trypanosoma cruzi are determined by parasite strain (1985) Br. J. Med. Biol. Res., 18, pp. 499-506 
504 |a Andrade, V., Brodskyn, C., Andrade, S.G., Correlation between isoenzyme patterns and biological behaviour of different strains of Trypanosoma cruzi (1983) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 76, pp. 796-799 
504 |a Añez, N., Crisante, G., da Silva, F.M., Rojas, A., Carrasco, H., Umezawa, E.S., Predominance of lineage I among Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from Venezuelan patients with different clinical profiles of acute Chagas' disease (2004) Trop. Med. Int. Health, 9, pp. 1319-1326 
504 |a (1999), Anonymous. Recommendations from a Satellite Meeting. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 94(Suppl. II), 429-432; Apt, W., Aguilera, X., Arribada, A., Gomez, L., Miles, M.A., Widmer, G., Epidemiology of Chagas disease in Northern Chile - isozyme profiles of Trypanosoma cruzi from domestic and sylvatic transmission cycles and their association with cardiopathy (1987) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 37, pp. 302-307 
504 |a Arner, E., Kindlund, E., Nilsson, D., Farzana, F., Ferella, M., Tammi, M.T., Andersson, B., Database of Trypanosoma cruzi repeated genes: 20, 000 additional gene variants (2007) BMC Genomics, 8, p. 391 
504 |a Atwood, J.A., Weatherly, D.B., Minning, T.A., Bundy, B., Cavola, C., Opperdoes, F.R., Orlando, R., Tarleton, R.L., The Trypanosoma cruzi proteome (2005) Science, 309, pp. 473-476 
504 |a Avise, J.C., (2004) Molecular markers, Natural History and Evolution, , second ed., Chapman & Hall, New York, London 
504 |a Ayub, M.J., Atwood, J., Nuccio, A., Tarleton, R., Levin, M.J., Proteomic analysis of the Trypanosoma cruzi ribosomal proteins (2009) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 382, pp. 30-34 
504 |a Barnabé, C., Brisse, S., Tibayrenc, M., Population structure and genetic typing of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease: a multilocus enzyme electrophoresis approach (2000) Parasitology, 120, pp. 513-526 
504 |a Barnabé, C., Brisse, S., Tibayrenc, M., Phylogenetic diversity of bat trypanosomes of subgenus Schizotrypanum based on multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, random amplified polymorphic DNA, and cytochrome b nucleotide sequence analyses (2003) Infect. Genet. Evol., 2, pp. 201-208 
504 |a Bhattacharyya, T., Brooks, J., Yeo, M., Carrasco, H.J., Lewis, M.D., Llewellyn, M.S., Miles, M.A., Analysis of molecular diversity of the Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote small surface antigen reveals novel epitopes, evidence of positive selection and potential implications for lineage-specific serology (2010) Int. J. Parasitol., 40, pp. 921-928 
504 |a Bisio, M.M.C., Cura, C.I., Duffy, T., Altcheh, J., Giganti, S.O., Bergher, S., Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units in Chagas disease patients with HIV co-infection (2009) Rev. Biom., 20, pp. 166-178 
504 |a Bogliolo, A.R., Lauria-Pires, L., Gibson, W.C., Polymorphisms in Trypanosoma cruzi: evidence of genetic recombination (1996) Acta Trop., 61, pp. 31-40 
504 |a Bosseno, M.F., Barnabé, C., Magallon, G.E., Lozano, K.F., Ramsey, J., Espinoza, B., Brenière, S.F., Predominance of Trypanosoma cruzi lineage I in Mexico (2002) J. Clin. Microbiol., 40, pp. 627-632 
504 |a Brenière, S.F., Bosseno, M.F., Noireau, F., Yacsik, N., Liegeard, P., Aznar, C., Hontebeyrie, M., Integrate study of a Bolivian population infected by Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease (2002) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 97, pp. 289-295 
504 |a Briones, M.R.S., Souto, R.P., Stolf, B.S., Zingales, B., The evolution of two Trypanosoma cruzi subgroups inferred from rRNA genes can be correlated with interchange of American mammalian faunas in the Cenozoic and has implication to pathogenicity and host specificity (1999) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 104, pp. 219-232 
504 |a Brisse, S., Barnabé, C., Bañuls, A.L., Sidibe, I., Noel, S., Tibayrenc, M., A phylogenetic analysis of the Trypanosoma cruzi genome project CL Brener reference strain by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and multiprimer random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting (1998) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 92, pp. 253-263 
504 |a Brisse, S., Dujardin, J.C., Tibayrenc, M., Identification of six Trypanosoma cruzi phylogenetic lineages by sequence-characterised amplified region markers (2000) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 111, pp. 95-105 
504 |a Brisse, S., Henriksson, J., Barnabé, C., Douzery, E.J., Berkvens, D., Serrano, M., Evidence for genetic exchange and hybridization in Trypanosoma cruzi based on nucleotide sequences and molecular karyotype (2003) Infect. Genet. Evol., 2, pp. 173-183 
504 |a Brisse, S., Verhoef, J., Tibayrenc, M., Characterisation of large and small subunit rRNA and mini-exon genes further supports the distinction of six Trypanosoma cruzi lineages (2001) Int. J. Parasitol., 31, pp. 1218-1226 
504 |a Broutin, H., Tarrieu, F., Tibayrenc, M., Oury, B., Barnabé, C., Phylogenetic analysis of the glucose-6-phosphate isomerase gene in Trypanosoma cruzi (2006) Exp. Parasitol., 113, pp. 1-7 
504 |a Burgos, J.M., Altcheh, J., Bisio, M., Duffy, T., Valadares, H.M., Seidenstein, M.E., Direct molecular profiling of minicircle signatures and lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream populations causing congenital Chagas disease (2007) Int. J. Parasitol., 37, pp. 1319-1327 
504 |a Burgos, J.M., Begher, S., Silva, H.M., Bisio, M., Duffy, T., Levin, M.J., Macedo, A.M., Molecular identification of Trypanosoma cruzi I tropism for central nervous system in Chagas reactivation due to AIDS (2008) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 78, pp. 294-297 
504 |a Burgos, J.M., Begher, S.B., Freitas, J.M., Bisio, M., Duffy, T., Altcheh, J., Molecular diagnosis and typing of Trypanosoma cruzi populations and lineages in cerebral Chagas disease in a patient with AIDS (2005) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 73, pp. 1016-1018 
504 |a Burgos, J.M., Diez, M., Vigliano, C., Bisio, M., Risso, M., Duffy, T., Molecular identification of Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units in end-stage chronic Chagas heart disease and reactivation after heart transplantation (2010) Clin. Infect. Dis., 51, pp. 485-495 
504 |a Buscaglia, C.A., Di Noia, J.M., Trypanosoma cruzi clonal diversity and the epidemiology of Chagas' disease (2003) Microbes Infect., 5, pp. 419-427 
504 |a Câmara, A.C.J., Varela-Freire, A.A., Valadares, H.M.S., Macedo, A.M., D'Avila, D.A., Machado, C.R., Genetic analyses of Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from naturally infected triatomines and humans in northeastern Brazil (2010) Acta Trop., 115, pp. 205-211 
504 |a Campbell, D.A., Westenberger, S.J., Sturm, N.R., The determinants of Chagas disease: connecting parasite and host genetics (2004) Curr. Mol. Med., 4, pp. 549-562 
504 |a Cardinal, M.V., Lauricella, M.A., Ceballos, L.A., Lanati, L., Marcet, P.L., Levin, M.J., Molecular epidemiology of domestic and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina (2008) Int. J. Parasitol., 38, pp. 1533-1543 
504 |a Carlier, Y., Truyens, C., Maternal-fetal transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi (2010) American Trypanosomiasis Chagas disease one hundred years of research, , Elsevier Inc. J. Telleria, M. Tibayrenc (Eds.) 
504 |a Carranza, J.C., Valadares, H.M.S., D'Avila, D.A., Baptista, R.P., Moreno, M., Galvão, L.M.C., Trypanosoma cruzi maxicircle heterogeneity in Chagas disease patients from Brazil (2009) Int. J. Parasitol., 39, pp. 963-973 
504 |a Carrasco, H.J., Frame, I.A., Valente, S.A., Miles, M.A., Genetic exchange as a possible source of genomic diversity in sylvatic populations of Trypanosoma cruzi (1996) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 54, pp. 418-424 
504 |a Cavazzana, M., Marcili, A., Lima, L., da Silva, F.M., Junqueira, A.C.V., Veludo, H.H., Phylogeographical, ecological and biological patterns shown by nuclear (ssrRNA and gGAPDH) and mitochondrial (Cyt b) genes of trypanosomes of the subgenus Schizotrypanum parasitic in Brazilian bats (2010) Int. J. Parasitol., 40, pp. 345-355 
504 |a Chapman, M.D., Baggaley, R.C., Godfreyfausset, P.F., Malpas, T.J., White, G., Canese, J., Miles, M.A., Trypanosoma cruzi from the Paraguayan Chaco - isoenzyme profiles of strains isolated at Makthlawaiya (1984) J. Protozool., 31, pp. 482-486 
504 |a Clark, C.G., Pung, O.J., Host specificity of ribosomal DNA variation in sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi from North America (1994) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 66, pp. 175-179 
504 |a Coronado, X., Zulantay, I., Albrecht, H., Rozas, M., Apt, W., Ortiz, S., Variation in Trypanosoma cruzi clonal composition detected in blood patients and xenodiagnosis triatomines: Implications in the molecular epidemiology of Chile (2006) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 74, pp. 1008-1012 
504 |a Corrales, R.M., Mora, M.C., Negrette, O.S., Diosque, P., Lacunza, D., Virreira, M., Congenital Chagas disease involves Trypanosoma cruzi sub-lineage IId in the northwestern province of Salta (2009) Argentina Inf. Genet. Evol., 9, pp. 278-282 
504 |a Coura, J.R., Chagas disease: what is known and what is needed - a background article (2007) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 102, pp. 113-122 
504 |a Coura, J.R., Transmission of chagasic infection by oral route in the natural history of Chagas disease (2006) Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 39, pp. 113-117 
504 |a Cura, C.I., Mejia-Jaramillo, A.M., Duffy, T., Burgos, J.M., Rodriguero, M., Cardinal, M.V., Trypanosoma cruzi I genotypes in different geographical regions and transmission cycles based on a microsatellite motif of the intergenic spacer of spliced-leader genes (2010) Int. J. Parasitol., 40, pp. 1599-1607 
504 |a D'Avila, D.A., Macedo, A.M., Valadares, H.M., Gontijo, E.D., de Castro, A.M., Machado, C.R., Chiari, E., Galvão, L.M., Probing population dynamics of Trypanosoma cruzi during progression of the chronic phase in chagasic patients (2009) J. Clin. Microbiol., 47, pp. 1718-1725 
504 |a de Lana, M., da Silveira, P.A., Barnabé, C., Quesney, V., Noel, S., Tibayrenc, M., Trypanosoma cruzi: compared vectorial transmissibility of three major clonal genotypes by Triatoma infestans (1998) Exp. Parasitol., 90, pp. 20-25 
504 |a Del Puerto, F., Sanchez, Z., Nara, E., Meza, G., Paredes, B., Ferreira, E., Russomando, G., Trypanosoma cruzi lineages detected in congenitally infected infants and Triatoma infestans from the same disease-endemic region under entomologic surveillance in Paraguay (2010) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 82, pp. 386-390 
504 |a Devera, R., Fernandes, O., Coura, J.R., Should Trypanosoma cruzi be called " cruzi" complex? A review of the parasite diversity and the potential of selecting population after in vitro culturing and mice infection (2003) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 98, pp. 1-12 
504 |a Dias, J.C.P., The treatment of Chagas disease (South American trypanosomiasis) (2006) Ann. Int. Med., 144, pp. 772-774 
504 |a Diosque, P., Barnabé, C., Padilla, A.M., Marco, J.D., Cardozo, R.M., Cimino, R.O., Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from a geographically restricted endemic area for Chagas' disease in Argentina (2003) Int. J. Parasitol., 33, pp. 997-1003 
504 |a Duffy, T., Bisio, M., Altcheh, J., Burgos, J.M., Diez, M., Levin, M.J., Accurate real-time PCR strategy for monitoring bloodstream parasitic loads in Chagas disease patients (2010) PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 3, pp. e419 
504 |a Dvorak, J.A., Hall, T.E., Crane, M.S., Engel, J.C., Mcdaniel, J.P., Uriegas, R., Trypanosoma cruzi - flow Cytometric Analysis.1. Analysis of total DNA organism by means of mithramycin-induced fluorescence (1982) J. Protozool., 29, pp. 430-437 
504 |a Elias, M.C.Q.B., Vargas, N., Tomazi, L., Pedroso, A., Zingales, B., Schenkman, S., Briones, M.R.S., Comparative analysis of genomic sequences suggests that Trypanosoma cruzi CL Brener contains two sets of non-intercalated repeats of satellite DNA that correspond to T. Cruzi I and T. cruzi II types (2005) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 140, pp. 221-227 
504 |a El-Sayed, N.M., Myler, P.J., Bartholomeu, D.C., Nilsson, D., Aggarwal, G., Tran, A.N., The genome sequence of Trypanosoma cruzi, etiologic agent of Chagas disease (2005) Science, 309, pp. 409-415 
504 |a Espinoza, B., Rico, T., Sosa, S., Oaxaca, E., Vizcaino-Castillo, A., Caballero, M.L., Martínez, I., Mexican Trypanosoma cruzi T. cruzi I strains with different degrees of virulence induce diverse humoral and cellular immune responses in a murine experimental infection model (2010) J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2010, p. 890672 
504 |a Falla, A., Herrera, C., Fajardo, A., Montilla, M., Vallejo, G.A., Guhl, F., Haplotype identification within Trypanosoma cruzi I in Colombian isolates from several reservoirs, vectors and humans (2009) Acta Trop., 110, pp. 15-21 
504 |a Ferella, M., Nilsson, D., Darban, H., Rodrigues, C., Bontempi, E.J., Docampo, R., Andersson, B., Proteomics in Trypanosoma cruzi - localization of novel proteins to various organelles (2008) Proteomics, 8, pp. 2735-2749 
504 |a Fernandes, O., Sturm, N.R., Derré, R., Campbell, D.A., The mini-exon gene: a genetic marker for zymodeme III of Trypanosoma cruzi (1998) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 95, pp. 129-133 
504 |a Fernandes, O., Mangia, R.H., Lisboa, C.V., Pinho, A.P., Morel, C.M., Zingales, B., Campbell, D.A., Jansen, A.M., The complexity of the sylvatic cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi in Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil) revealed by the non-transcribed spacer of the mini-exon gene (1999) Parasitology, 118, pp. 161-166 
504 |a Fernandes, O., Santos, S.S., Cupolillo, E., Mendonça, B., Derre, R., Junqueira, A.C., A mini-exon multiplex polymerase chain reaction to distinguish the major groups of Trypanosoma cruzi and T. rangeli in the Brazilian Amazon (2001) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 95, pp. 97-99 
504 |a Flores-López, C.A., Machado, C.A., Analyses of 32 loci clarify phylogenetic relationships among Trypanosoma cruzi lineages and support a single hybridization prior to human contact (2011) PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5, pp. e1272 
504 |a Franzen, O., Ochaya, S., Sherwood, E., Lewis, M.D., Llewellyn, M.S., Miles, M.A., Andersson, B., Shotgun sequencing analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi I Sylvio X10/1 and comparison with T. cruzi VI CL Brener (2011) PLoS Negl.Trop. Dis., 5, pp. e984 
504 |a Freitas, J.M., Augusto-Pinto, L., Pimenta, J.R., Bastos-Rodrigues, L., Gonçalves, V.F., Teixeira, S.M.R., Ancestral genomes, sex, and the population structure of Trypanosoma cruzi (2006) PLoS Pathogens, 2, pp. 226-235 
504 |a Freitas, J.M., Lages-Silva, E., Crema, E., Pena, S.D.J., Macedo, A.M., Real time PCR strategy for the identification of major lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi directly in chronically infected human tissues (2005) Int. J. Parasitol., 35, pp. 411-417 
504 |a García, A., Bahamonde, M., Verdugo, S., Correa, J., Pastene, C., Solari, A., Trypanosoma cruzi transplacental infection: situation in Chile (2001) Rev. Med. Chil., 129, pp. 330-332 
504 |a Gaunt, M., Miles, M., The ecotopes and evolution of triatomine bugs (triatominae) and their associated trypanosomes (2000) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 95, pp. 557-565 
504 |a Gaunt, M.W., Yeo, M., Frame, I.A., Stothard, J.R., Carrasco, H.J., Taylor, M.C., Mechanism of genetic exchange in American trypanosomes (2003) Nature, 421, pp. 936-939 
504 |a Hamilton, P.B., Lewis, M.D., Cruickshank, C., Gaunt, M.W., Yeo, M., Llewellyn, M.S., Identification and lineage genotyping of South American trypanosomes using fluorescent fragment length barcoding (2011) Infect. Genet. Evol., 11, pp. 44-51 
504 |a Herrera, C., Bargues, M.D., Fajardo, A., Montilla, M., Triana, O., Vallejo, G.A., Guhl, F., Identifying four Trypanosoma cruzi I isolate haplotypes from different geographic regions in Colombia (2007) Inf. Gen. Evol., 7, pp. 535-539 
504 |a Herrera, C., Guhl, F., Falla, A., Fajardo, A., Montilla, M., Adolfo, V.G., Bargues, M.D., Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships within Trypanosoma cruzi I isolated in Colombia based on miniexon gene sequences (2009) J. Parasitol. Res., , 2009, article ID 897364 
504 |a Higo, H., Miura, S., Horio, M., Mimori, T., Hamano, S., Agatsuma, T., Yanagi, T., Genotypic variation among lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi and its geographic aspects (2004) Parasitol. Int., 53, pp. 337-344 
504 |a Ienne, S., Pedroso, A., Ferreira, R.C.E., Briones, M.R.S., Zingales, B., Network genealogy of 195-bp satellite DNA supports the superimposed hybridization hypothesis of Trypanosoma cruzi evolutionary pattern (2010) Infect. Genet. Evol., 10, pp. 601-606 
504 |a Jaramillo, N., Moreno, J., Triana, O., Arcos-Burgos, M., Munoz, S., Solari, A., Genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships of Colombian Trypanosoma cruzi populations as determined by schizodeme and isoenzyme markers (1999) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 61, pp. 986-993 
504 |a Kawashita, S.Y., Sanson, G.F.O., Fernandes, O., Zingales, B., Briones, M.R.S., Maximum-likelihood divergence date estimates based on rRNA gene sequences suggest two scenarios of Trypanosoma cruzi intraspecific evolution (2001) Mol. Biol. Evol., 18, pp. 2250-2259 
504 |a Lages-Silva, E., Ramirez, L.E., Pedrosa, A.L., Crema, E., Cunha Galvão, L.M., Pena, S.D.J., Variability of kinetoplast DNA gene signatures of Trypanosoma cruzi II strains from patients with different clinical forms of Chagas' disease in Brazil (2006) J. Clin. Microbiol., 44, pp. 2167-2171 
504 |a Laurent, J.P., Barnabé, C., Quesney, V., Noel, S., Tibayrenc, M., Impact of clonal evolution on the biological diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi (1997) Parasitology, 114, pp. 213-218 
504 |a Lewis, M.D., Llewellyn, M.S., Gaunt, M.W., Yeo, M., Carrasco, H.J., Miles, M.A., Flow cytometric analysis and microsatellite genotyping reveal extensive DNA content variation in Trypanosoma cruzi populations and expose contrasts between natural and experimental hybrids (2009) Int. J. Parasitol., 39, pp. 1305-1317 
504 |a Lewis, M.D., Llewellyn, M.S., Yeo, M., Acosta, N., Gaunt, M.W., Miles, M.A., Recent, independent and anthropogenic origins of Trypanosoma cruzi hybrids (2011) PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5, pp. e1363 
504 |a Lewis, M.D., Ma, J., Yeo, M., Carrasco, H.J., Llewellyn, M.S., Miles, M.A., Genotyping of Trypanosoma cruzi: systematic selection of assays allowing rapid and accurate discrimination of all known lineages (2009) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 81, pp. 1041-1049 
504 |a Lisboa, C.V., Pinho, A.P., Monteiro, R.V., Jansen, A.M., Trypanosoma cruzi (kinetoplastida Trypanosomatidae): biological heterogeneity in the isolates derived from wild hosts (2007) Exp. Parasitol., 116, pp. 150-155 
504 |a Llewellyn, M.S., Lewis, M.D., Acosta, N., Yeo, M., Carrasco, H.J., Segovia, M., Vargas, J., Gaunt, M.W., Trypanosoma cruzi IIc: phylogenetic and phylogeographic insights from sequence and microsatellite analysis and potential impact on emergent Chagas disease (2009) PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 3, pp. e510 
504 |a Llewellyn, M.S., Miles, M.A., Carrasco, H.J., Lewis, M.D., Yeo, M., Vargas, J., Torrico, F., Gaunt, M.W., Genome-scale multilocus microsatellite typing of Trypanosoma cruzi Discrete Typing Unit I reveals phylogeographic structure and specific genotypes linked to human infection (2009) PLoS Pathogens, 5, pp. e1000410 
504 |a Llewellyn, M.S., Rivett-Carnac, J.B., Fitzpatrick, S., Lewis, M.D., Yeo, M., Gaunt, M.W., Miles, M.A., Extraordinary Trypanosoma cruzi diversity within single mammalian reservoir hosts implies a mechanism of diversifying selection (2011) Int. J. Parasitol., 41, pp. 609-614 
504 |a Luquetti, A.O., Miles, M.A., Rassi, A., de Rezende, J.M., de Souza, A.A., Povoa, M.M., Rodrigues, I., Trypanosoma cruzi: zymodemes associated with acute and chronic Chagas' disease in central Brazil (1986) Trans. R. Soc.Trop. Med. Hyg., 80, pp. 462-470 
504 |a Macedo, A.M., Oliveira, R.P., Pena, S.D., Chagas disease: role of parasite genetic variation in pathogenesis (2002) Expert. Rev. Mol. Med., 4, pp. 1-16 
504 |a Macedo, A.M., Machado, C.R., Oliveira, R.P., Pena, S.D.J., Trypanosoma cruzi: genetic structure of populations and relevance of genetic variability to the pathogenesis of Chagas disease (2004) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 99, pp. 1-12 
504 |a Machado, C.A., Ayala, F.J., Sequence variation in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS) and trypanothione reductase (TR) genes of Trypanosoma cruzi (2002) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 121, pp. 33-47 
504 |a Machado, C.A., Ayala, F.J., Nucleotide sequences provide evidence of genetic exchange among distantly related lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, pp. 7396-7401 
504 |a Maia da Silva, F., Marcili, A., Lima, L., Cavazzana, M., Ortiz, P.A., Campaner, M., Trypanosoma rangeli isolates of bats from Central Brazil: genotyping and phylogenetic analysis enable description of a new lineage using spliced-leader gene sequences (2009) Acta Trop., 109, pp. 199-207 
504 |a Marcet, P.L., Duffy, T., Cardinal, M.V., Burgos, J.M., Lauricella, M.A., Levin, M.J., PCR-based screening and lineage identification of Trypanosoma cruzi directly from faecal samples of triatomine bugs from northwestern Argentina (2006) Parasitology, 132, pp. 57-65 
504 |a Marcili, A., Lima, L., Cavazzana, M.J., Junqueira, A.C.V., Veludo, H.H., da Silva, F.M., A new genotype of Trypanosoma cruzi associated with bats evidenced by phylogenetic analyses using SSU rDNA, cytochrome b and Histone H2B genes and genotyping based on ITS1 rDNA (2009) Parasitology, 136, pp. 641-655 
504 |a Marcili, A., Lima, L., Valente, V.C., Valente, S.A., Batista, J.S., Junqueira, A.C., Comparative phylogeography of Trypanosoma cruzi TCIIc: new hosts, association with terrestrial ecotopes, and spatial clustering (2009) Infect. Genet. Evol., 9, pp. 1265-1274 
504 |a Marcili, A., Valente, V.C., Valente, S.A., Junqueira, A.C., da Silva, F.M., Pinto, A.Y., Trypanosoma cruzi in Brazilian Amazonia: Lineages TCI and TCIIa in wild primates, Rhodnius spp. and in humans with Chagas disease associated with oral transmission (2009) Int. J. Parasitol., 39, pp. 615-623 
504 |a Marinho, C.R.F., Bucci, D.Z., Dagli, M.L.Z., Bastos, K.R.B., Grisotto, M.G., Sardinha, L.R., Pathology affects different organs in two mouse strains chronically infected by a Trypanosoma cruzi clone: a model for genetic a studies of Chagas' disease (2004) Inf. Immun., 72, pp. 2350-2357 
504 |a Martins, C., Baptista, C.S., Ienne, S., Cerqueira, G.C., Bartholomeu, D.C., Zingales, B., Genomic organization and transcription analysis of the 195-bp satellite DNA in Trypanosoma cruzi (2008) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 160, pp. 60-64 
504 |a Miles, M.A., Cedillos, R.A., Povoa, M.M., de Souza, A.A., Prata, A., Macedo, V., Do radically dissimilar Trypanosoma cruzi strains (zymodemes) cause Venezuelan and Brazilian forms of Chagas' disease? (1981) Lancet, 1, pp. 1338-1340 
504 |a Miles, M.A., Cibulskis, R.E., Zymodeme characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi (1986) Parasitol. Today, 2, pp. 94-97 
504 |a Miles, M.A., Llewellyn, M.S., Lewis, M.D., Yeo, M., Baleela, R., Fitzpatrick, S., The molecular epidemiology and phylogeography of Trypanosoma cruzi and parallel research on Leishmania: looking back and to the future (2009) Parasitology, 136, pp. 1509-1528 
504 |a Minning, T.A., Weatherly, D.B., Atwood, J., Orlando, R., Tarleton, R.L., The steady-state transcriptome of the four major life-cycle stages of Trypanosoma cruzi (2009) BMC Genomics, 10, p. 370 
504 |a Montilla, M., Guhl, F., Jaramillo, C., Nicholls, S., Barnabé, C., Bosseno, M.F., Brenière, S.F., Isoenzyme clustering of Trypanosomatidae Colombian populations (2002) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 66, pp. 394-400 
504 |a Ocaña-Mayorga, S., Llewellyn, M.S., Costales, J.A., Miles, M.A., Grijalva, M.J., Sex, subdivision, and domestic dispersal of Trypanosoma cruzi lineage I in Southern Ecuador (2010) PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4, pp. e915 
504 |a Oliveira, R.P., Broude, N.E., Macedo, A.M., Cantor, C.R., Smith, C.L., Pena, S.D., Probing the genetic population structure of Trypanosoma cruzi with polymorphic microsatellites (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, pp. 3776-3780 
504 |a Pinto, A.S., de Lana, M., Bastrenta, B., Barnabé, C., Quesney, V., Noel, S., Tibayrenc, M., Compared vectorial transmissibility of pure and mixed clonal genotypes of Trypanosoma cruzi in Triatoma infestans (1998) Parasitol. Res., 84, pp. 348-353 
504 |a Postan, M., McDaniel, J.P., Dvorak, J.A., Comparative studies of the infection of Lewis rats with four Trypanosoma cruzi clones (1987) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 81, pp. 415-419 
504 |a Ramirez, J.D., Guhl, F., Rendon, L.M., Rosas, F., Marin-Neto, J.A., Morillo, C.A., Chagas cardiomyopathy manifestations and Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes circulating in chronic Chagasic patients (2010) PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4, pp. e899 
504 |a Revollo, S., Oury, B., Laurent, J.P., Barnabé, C., Quesney, V., Carriere, V., Noel, S., Tibayrenc, M., Trypanosoma cruzi: impact of clonal evolution of the parasite on its biological and medical properties (1998) Exp. Parasitol., 89, pp. 30-39 
504 |a Risso, M.G., Sartor, P.A., Burgos, J.M., Briceno, L., Rodriguez, E.M., Guhl, F., Immunological identification of Trypanosoma cruzi lineages in human infection along the endemic area (2011) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 84, pp. 78-84 
504 |a Rodriguez, I.B., Botero, A., Mejia-Jaramillo, A.M., Marquez, E.J., Ortiz, S., Solari, A., Triana-Chavez, O., Transmission dynamics of Trypanosoma cruzi determined by low-stringency single primer polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analyses in four indigenous communities of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (2009) Colombia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 81, pp. 396-403 
504 |a Roellig, D.M., Brown, E.L., Barnabé, C., Tibayrenc, M., Steurer, F.J., Yabsley, M.J., Molecular typing of Trypanosoma cruzi isolates, United States (2008) Emerg. Infect. Dis., 14, pp. 1123-1125 
504 |a Roellig, D.M., Yabsley, M.J., Short report: infectivity, pathogenicity, and virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi Isolates from sylvatic animals and vectors, and domestic dogs from the United States in ICR strain mice and SD strain rats (2010) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 83, pp. 519-522 
504 |a Rougeron, V., De Meeus, T., Hide, M., Waleckx, E., Bermudez, H., Arevalo, J.L., Extreme inbreeding in Leishmania braziliensis (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, pp. 10224-10229 
504 |a Rozas, M., De Doncker, S., Adaui, V., Coronado, X., Barnabé, C., Tibyarenc, M., Multilocus polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment-length polymorphism genotyping of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease): taxonomic and clinical applications (2007) J. Infect. Dis., 195, pp. 1381-1388 
504 |a Rozas, N., De Doncker, S., Coronado, X., Barnabé, C., Tibyarenc, M., Solari, A., Dujardin, J.C., Evolutionary history of Trypanosoma cruzi according to antigen genes (2008) Parasitology, 135, pp. 1157-1164 
504 |a Ruvalcaba-Trejo, L.I., Sturm, N.R., The Trypanosoma cruzi Sylvio X10 strain maxicircle sequence: the third musketeer (2011) BMC Genomics, 12, p. 58 
504 |a Sánchez-Guillén, M.C., Barnabé, C., Tibayrenc, M., Zavala-Castro, J., Totolhua, J.L., Méndez-López, J., Trypanosoma cruzi strains isolated from human, vector, and animal reservoir in the same endemic region in Mexico and typed as T. cruzi I, discrete typing unit 1 exhibit considerable biological diversity (2006) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 101, pp. 585-590 
504 |a Saravia, N.G., Holguin, A.F., Cibulskis, R.E., D'Alessandro, A., Divergent isoenzyme profiles of sylvatic and domiciliary Trypanosoma cruzi in the eastern plains, piedmont, and highlands of Colombia (1987) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 36, pp. 59-69 
504 |a Souto, R.P., Fernandes, O., Macedo, A.M., Campbell, D.A., Zingales, B., DNA markers define two major phylogenetic lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi (1996) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 83, pp. 141-152 
504 |a Souto, R.P., Zingales, B., Sensitive detection and strain classification of Trypanosoma cruzi by amplification of a ribosomal RNA sequence (1993) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 62, pp. 45-52 
504 |a Spotorno, O., Cordova, L., Solari, I., Differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi I subgroups through characterization of cytochrome b gene sequences (2008) Inf. Genet. Evol., 8, pp. 898-900 
504 |a Steindel, M., Pacheco, L.K., Scholl, D., Soares, M., de Moraes, M.H., Eger, I., Characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from humans, vectors, and animal reservoirs following an outbreak of acute human Chagas disease in Santa Catarina State (2008) Brazil. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 60, pp. 25-32 
504 |a Stevens, J.R., Noyes, H.A., Schofield, C.J., Gibson, W., The molecular evolution of trypanosomatidae (2001) Adv. Parasitol., 48, pp. 1-56 
504 |a Sturm, N.R., Campbell, D.A., Alternative lifestyles: the population structure of Trypanosoma cruzi (2010) Acta Trop., 115, pp. 35-43 
504 |a Sturm, N.R., Vargas, N.S., Westenberger, S.J., Zingales, B., Campbell, D.A., Evidence for multiple hybrid groups in Trypanosoma cruzi (2003) Int. J. Parasitol., 33, pp. 269-279 
504 |a Svoboda, M., Virreira, M., Torrico, F., Truyens, C., Alonso-Vega, C., Solano, M., Carlier, Y., Detection of the molecular heterogeneity of Trypanosoma cruzi (2005) Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop., 38, pp. 77-83 
504 |a Telleria, J., Biron, D.G., Brizard, J.P., Demettre, E., Seveno, M., Barnabé, C., Ayala, F.J., Tibayrenc, M., Phylogenetic character mapping of proteomic diversity shows high correlation with subspecific phylogenetic diversity in Trypanosoma cruzi (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, pp. 20411-20416 
504 |a Thomas, S., Martinez, L.L., Westenberger, S.J., Sturm, N.R., A population study of the minicircles in Trypanosoma cruzi: predicting guide RNAs in the absence of empirical RNA editing (2007) BMC Genomics, 8, p. 133 
504 |a Thomas, S., Westenberger, S.J., Campbell, D.A., Sturm, N.R., Intragenomic spliced leader RNA array analysis of kinetoplastids reveals unexpected transcribed region diversity in Trypanosoma cruzi (2005) Gene, 352, pp. 100-108 
504 |a Tibayrenc, M., Genetic epidemiology of parasitic protozoa and other infectious agents: the need for an integrated approach (1998) Int. J. Parasitol., 28, pp. 85-104 
504 |a Tibayrenc, M., Ayala, F.J., Isozyme variability in Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas-disease - genetic, taxonomical, and epidemiological significance (1988) Evolution, 42, pp. 277-292 
504 |a Tibayrenc, M., Ayala, F.J., Towards a population genetics of microorganisms: the clonal theory of parasitic protozoa (1991) Parasitol. Today, 7, pp. 228-232 
504 |a Tibayrenc, M., Ayala, F.J., The clonal theory of parasitic protozoa: 12 years on (2002) Trends Parasitol., 18, pp. 405-410 
504 |a Tibayrenc, M., Barnabé, C., Telleria, J., Reticulate evolution in Trypanosoma cruzi: Medical and epidemiological implications (2010) American Trypanosomiasis Chagas Disease One Hundred Years of Research, , Elsevier Inc. J. Telleria, M. Tibayrenc (Eds.) 
504 |a Tibayrenc, M., Kjellberg, F., Ayala, F.J., A clonal theory of parasitic protozoa - the population structures of Entamoeba, Giardia, Leishmania, Naegleria, Plasmodium, Trichomonas, and Trypanosoma and their medical and taxonomical consequences (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, pp. 2414-2418 
504 |a Tibayrenc, M., Ward, P., Moya, A., Ayala, F.J., Natural populations of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, have a complex multiclonal structure (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83, pp. 115-119 
504 |a Tomasini, N., Lauthier, J.J., Rumi, M.M., Ragone, P.G., D'Amato, A.A., Brandan, C.P., Interest and limitations of spliced leader intergenic region sequences for analyzing Trypanosoma cruzi I phylogenetic diversity in the Argentinean Chaco (2011) Infect. Genet. Evol., 11, pp. 300-307 
504 |a Tomazi, L., Kawashita, S.Y., Pereira, P.M., Zingales, B., Briones, M.R., Haplotype distribution of five nuclear genes based on network genealogies and Bayesian inference indicates that Trypanosoma cruzi hybrid strains are polyphyletic (2009) Genet. Mol. Res., 8, pp. 458-476 
504 |a Triana, O., Ortiz, S., Dujardin, J.C., Solari, A., Trypanosoma cruzi: variability of stocks from Colombia determined by molecular karyotype and minicircle Southern blot analysis (2006) Exp. Parasitol., 113, pp. 62-66 
504 |a Vago, A.R., Andrade, L.O., Leite, A.A., Reis, A.D., Macedo, A.M., Adad, S.J., Genetic characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi directly from tissues of patients with chronic Chagas disease (2000) Am. J. Pathol., 156, pp. 1805-1809 
504 |a Valente, S.A., Valente, V.C., Neves Pinto, A.Y., Barbosa César, M.J., Santos, M.P., Miranda, C.O., Analysis of an acute Chagas disease outbreak in the Brazilian Amazon: human cases, triatomines, reservoir mammals and parasites (2009) Trans. R. Soc.Trop. Med. Hyg., 103, pp. 291-297 
504 |a Virreira, M., Alonso-Vega, C., Solano, M., Jijena, J., Brutus, L., Bustamante, Z., Congenital Chagas disease in Bolivia is not associated with DNA polymorphism of Trypanosoma cruzi (2006) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 75, pp. 871-879 
504 |a Weatherly, D.B., Boehlke, C., Tarleton, R.L., Chromosome level assembly of the hybrid Trypanosoma cruzi genome (2009) BMC Genomics, 10, p. 255 
504 |a Westenberger, S.J., Barnabé, C., Campbell, D.A., Sturm, N.R., Two hybridization events define the population structure of Trypanosoma cruzi (2005) Genetics, 171, pp. 527-543 
504 |a Westenberger, S.J., Cerqueira, G.C., El-Sayed, N.M., Zingales, B., Campbell, D.A., Sturm, N.R., Trypanosoma cruzi mitochondrial maxicircles display species- and strain-specific variation and a conserved element in the non-coding region (2006) BMC Genomics, 7, p. 60 
504 |a Westenberger, S.J., Sturm, N.R., Campbell, D.A., Trypanosoma cruzi 5S rRNA arrays define five groups and indicate the geographic origins of an ancestor of the heterozygous hybrids (2006) Int. J. Parasitol., 36, pp. 337-346 
504 |a Yeo, M., Acosta, N., Llewellyn, M., Sanchez, H., Adamson, S., Miles, G.A.J., Origins of Chagas disease: didelphis species are natural hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi I and armadillos hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi II, including hybrids (2005) Int. J. Parasitol., 35, pp. 225-233 
504 |a Yeo, M., Mauricio, I.L., Messenger, L.A., Lewis, M.D., Llewellyn, M.S., Acosta, N., Multilocus sequence typing for lineage assignment and high resolution diversity studies in Trypanosoma cruzi (2011) PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5, pp. e1049 
504 |a Zafra, G., Mantilla, J.C., Valadares, H.M., Macedo, A.M., Gonzalez, C.I., Evidence of Trypanosoma cruzi II infection in Colombian chagasic patients (2008) Parasitol. Res., 103, pp. 731-734 
504 |a Zingales, B., Andrade, S.G., Briones, M.R.S., Campbell, D.A., Chiari, E., Fernandes, O., A new consensus for Trypanosoma cruzi intraspecific nomenclature: second revision meeting recommends TcI to TcVI (2009) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 104, pp. 1051-1054 
504 |a Zingales, B., Pereira, E.S., Oliveira, R.P., Almeida, K.A., Umezawa, E.S., Souto, R.P., Trypanosoma cruzi genome project: biological characteristics and molecular typing of Clone CL Brener (1997) Acta Trop., 68, pp. 159-173 
504 |a Zingales, B., Stolf, B.S., Souto, R.P., Fernandes, O., Briones, M.R., Epidemiology, biochemistry and evolution of Trypanosoma cruzi lineages based on ribosomal RNA sequences (1999) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 94, pp. 159-164 
520 3 |a The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, its mammalian reservoirs, and vectors have existed in nature for millions of years. The human infection, named Chagas disease, is a major public health problem for Latin America. T. cruzi is genetically highly diverse and the understanding of the population structure of this parasite is critical because of the links to transmission cycles and disease. At present, T. cruzi is partitioned into six discrete typing units (DTUs), TcI-TcVI. Here we focus on the current status of taxonomy-related areas such as population structure, phylogeographical and eco-epidemiological features, and the correlation of DTU with natural and experimental infection. We also summarize methods for DTU genotyping, available for widespread use in endemic areas. For the immediate future multilocus sequence typing is likely to be the gold standard for population studies. We conclude that greater advances in our knowledge on pathogenic and epidemiological features of these parasites are expected in the coming decade through the comparative analysis of the genomes from isolates of various DTUs. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.  |l eng 
536 |a Detalles de la financiación: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo 
536 |a Detalles de la financiación: National Rosacea Society 
536 |a Detalles de la financiación: 223034 
536 |a Detalles de la financiación: Wellcome Trust 
536 |a Detalles de la financiación: National Institutes of Health, AI056034 
536 |a Detalles de la financiación: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq 
536 |a Detalles de la financiación: BZ thanks the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia/Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/Ministério da Saúde (MCT/CNPq/MS-SCTIE-DECIT-Edital de Doenças Negligenciadas) for financial support. MAM and MSL thank the Wellcome Trust (UK) and European Union Seventh Program Grant 223034 (ChagasEpiNet) for financial support. DAC and NRS are supported by NIH award AI056034. We thank Michael Lewis and Matthew Yeo for comments on the manuscript. 
593 |a Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil 
593 |a The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom 
593 |a Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7065, United States 
593 |a Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, MIVEGEC/IDVEGEC, UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Center, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France 
593 |a Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 486, 30161-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil 
593 |a Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil 
593 |a Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, INGEBI-CONICET, Vuelto Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina 
593 |a Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Rua Frei Paulino 30, Uberaba, MG, Brazil 
593 |a Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, 40295-001 Salvador, Brazil 
690 1 0 |a DISCRETE TYPING UNIT 
690 1 0 |a GENOTYPING 
690 1 0 |a HYBRIDIZATION 
690 1 0 |a PATHOLOGY 
690 1 0 |a PHYLOGEOGRAPHY 
690 1 0 |a TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI STRAINS 
690 1 0 |a RIBOSOME DNA 
690 1 0 |a CLINICAL FEATURE 
690 1 0 |a DISEASE TRANSMISSION 
690 1 0 |a GENE FREQUENCY 
690 1 0 |a GENETIC VARIABILITY 
690 1 0 |a GENOME ANALYSIS 
690 1 0 |a GENOTYPE 
690 1 0 |a GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION 
690 1 0 |a HETEROZYGOSITY 
690 1 0 |a HUMAN 
690 1 0 |a MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME 
690 1 0 |a MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING 
690 1 0 |a NONHUMAN 
690 1 0 |a PHYLOGEOGRAPHY 
690 1 0 |a POPULATION RESEARCH 
690 1 0 |a POPULATION STRUCTURE 
690 1 0 |a PRIORITY JOURNAL 
690 1 0 |a REVIEW 
690 1 0 |a SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM 
690 1 0 |a TAXONOMY 
690 1 0 |a TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI 
690 1 0 |a ANIMALS 
690 1 0 |a CHAGAS DISEASE 
690 1 0 |a CHIROPTERA 
690 1 0 |a EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR 
690 1 0 |a GENETIC VARIATION 
690 1 0 |a GENOME, PROTOZOAN 
690 1 0 |a GENOMICS 
690 1 0 |a HUMANS 
690 1 0 |a MULTILOCUS SEQUENCE TYPING 
690 1 0 |a PHYLOGEOGRAPHY 
690 1 0 |a TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC 
690 1 0 |a TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI 
690 1 0 |a MAMMALIA 
690 1 0 |a PROTOZOA 
690 1 0 |a TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI 
700 1 |a Miles, M.A. 
700 1 |a Campbell, D.A. 
700 1 |a Tibayrenc, M. 
700 1 |a Macedo, A.M. 
700 1 |a Teixeira, M.M.G. 
700 1 |a Schijman, A.G. 
700 1 |a Llewellyn, M.S. 
700 1 |a Lages-Silva, E. 
700 1 |a Machado, C.R. 
700 1 |a Andrade, S.G. 
700 1 |a Sturm, N.R. 
773 0 |d 2012  |g v. 12  |h pp. 240-253  |k n. 2  |p Infec. Genet. Evol.  |x 15671348  |w (AR-BaUEN)CENRE-5137  |t Infection, Genetics and Evolution 
856 4 1 |u https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84857655347&doi=10.1016%2fj.meegid.2011.12.009&partnerID=40&md5=33a1efd3d202278a5cbee0e2dc2ded3c  |y Registro en Scopus 
856 4 0 |u https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2011.12.009  |y DOI 
856 4 0 |u https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_15671348_v12_n2_p240_Zingales  |y Handle 
856 4 0 |u https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_15671348_v12_n2_p240_Zingales  |y Registro en la Biblioteca Digital 
961 |a paper_15671348_v12_n2_p240_Zingales  |b paper  |c PE 
962 |a info:eu-repo/semantics/article  |a info:ar-repo/semantics/artículo  |b info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 
999 |c 84435