Effects of a fungicide formulation on embryo-larval development, metamorphosis, and gonadogenesis of the South American toad Rhinella arenarum
Sublethal toxicity of the formulated fungicide Maxim® XL on embryonic, larval and juvenile development of Rhinella arenarum was evaluated by means of standardized bioassays. Maxim® XL, one of the most used fungicides in Argentina, is based on a mixture of two active ingredients: Fludioxonil and Meta...
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2016
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| Acceso en línea: | https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_13826689_v45_n_p1_Svartz http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_13826689_v45_n_p1_Svartz |
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paper:paper_13826689_v45_n_p1_Svartz2023-06-08T16:12:27Z Effects of a fungicide formulation on embryo-larval development, metamorphosis, and gonadogenesis of the South American toad Rhinella arenarum Svartz, Gabriela V. Meijide, Fernando Javier Perez de Coll, Cristina Silvia Amphibians Fungicide Histology Standardized bioassays: gonadal development Sublethal effects fludioxonil fungicide metalaxyl unclassified drug 1,3 dioxolane derivative alanine fungicide pyrrole derivative water pollutant Amphibia animal tissue Anura Argentina Article behavior disorder bioassay cell count concentration response controlled study edema embryo embryo development embryotoxicity environmental exposure female germ cell gill gonad development gonadal disease hazard assessment histopathology larval development male metamorphosis microcephaly muscle spasm neurotoxicity nonhuman pigment disorder priority journal Rhinella arenarum risk assessment teratogenicity weakness analogs and derivatives animal Bufonidae drug effects embryo development embryology gonad growth, development and aging larva metamorphosis nonmammalian embryo toxicity water pollutant Alanine Animals Bufonidae Dioxoles Embryo, Nonmammalian Embryonic Development Female Fungicides, Industrial Gonads Larva Male Metamorphosis, Biological Pyrroles Water Pollutants, Chemical Sublethal toxicity of the formulated fungicide Maxim® XL on embryonic, larval and juvenile development of Rhinella arenarum was evaluated by means of standardized bioassays. Maxim® XL, one of the most used fungicides in Argentina, is based on a mixture of two active ingredients: Fludioxonil and Metalaxyl-M. Maxim® XL exposure induced severe sublethal effects on the embryos, expressed as general underdevelopment, axial flexures, microcephaly, cellular dissociation, abnormal pigmentation, underdeveloped gills, marked edema and wavy tail. As the embryo development advanced, alterations in behavior as spasmodic contractions, general weakness and inanition were observed. Maxim® XL did not affect neither the time required to complete metamorphosis nor sex proportions, but gonadal development and differentiation were impaired. Gross gonadal analysis revealed a significant proportion of exposed individuals with underdevelopment of one or both gonads. Histological analysis confirmed that 18% and 10% of the individuals exposed to 0.25 and 2 mg/L Maxim® XL, respectively, exhibited undifferentiated gonads characterized by a reduced number (or absence) of germ cells. Taking into account the risk evaluation performed by means of Hazard Quotients, this fungicide could be a threat to R. arenarum populations under chronic exposure. This study represents the first evidence of toxic effects exerted by Maxim® XL on amphibians. Finally, our findings highlight the properties of this fungicide that might jeopardize non-target living species exposed to it in agricultural environments. © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Fil:Svartz, G. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Fil:Meijide, F. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Fil:Pérez Coll, C. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. 2016 https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_13826689_v45_n_p1_Svartz http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_13826689_v45_n_p1_Svartz |
| institution |
Universidad de Buenos Aires |
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I-28 |
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R-134 |
| collection |
Biblioteca Digital - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UBA) |
| topic |
Amphibians Fungicide Histology Standardized bioassays: gonadal development Sublethal effects fludioxonil fungicide metalaxyl unclassified drug 1,3 dioxolane derivative alanine fungicide pyrrole derivative water pollutant Amphibia animal tissue Anura Argentina Article behavior disorder bioassay cell count concentration response controlled study edema embryo embryo development embryotoxicity environmental exposure female germ cell gill gonad development gonadal disease hazard assessment histopathology larval development male metamorphosis microcephaly muscle spasm neurotoxicity nonhuman pigment disorder priority journal Rhinella arenarum risk assessment teratogenicity weakness analogs and derivatives animal Bufonidae drug effects embryo development embryology gonad growth, development and aging larva metamorphosis nonmammalian embryo toxicity water pollutant Alanine Animals Bufonidae Dioxoles Embryo, Nonmammalian Embryonic Development Female Fungicides, Industrial Gonads Larva Male Metamorphosis, Biological Pyrroles Water Pollutants, Chemical |
| spellingShingle |
Amphibians Fungicide Histology Standardized bioassays: gonadal development Sublethal effects fludioxonil fungicide metalaxyl unclassified drug 1,3 dioxolane derivative alanine fungicide pyrrole derivative water pollutant Amphibia animal tissue Anura Argentina Article behavior disorder bioassay cell count concentration response controlled study edema embryo embryo development embryotoxicity environmental exposure female germ cell gill gonad development gonadal disease hazard assessment histopathology larval development male metamorphosis microcephaly muscle spasm neurotoxicity nonhuman pigment disorder priority journal Rhinella arenarum risk assessment teratogenicity weakness analogs and derivatives animal Bufonidae drug effects embryo development embryology gonad growth, development and aging larva metamorphosis nonmammalian embryo toxicity water pollutant Alanine Animals Bufonidae Dioxoles Embryo, Nonmammalian Embryonic Development Female Fungicides, Industrial Gonads Larva Male Metamorphosis, Biological Pyrroles Water Pollutants, Chemical Svartz, Gabriela V. Meijide, Fernando Javier Perez de Coll, Cristina Silvia Effects of a fungicide formulation on embryo-larval development, metamorphosis, and gonadogenesis of the South American toad Rhinella arenarum |
| topic_facet |
Amphibians Fungicide Histology Standardized bioassays: gonadal development Sublethal effects fludioxonil fungicide metalaxyl unclassified drug 1,3 dioxolane derivative alanine fungicide pyrrole derivative water pollutant Amphibia animal tissue Anura Argentina Article behavior disorder bioassay cell count concentration response controlled study edema embryo embryo development embryotoxicity environmental exposure female germ cell gill gonad development gonadal disease hazard assessment histopathology larval development male metamorphosis microcephaly muscle spasm neurotoxicity nonhuman pigment disorder priority journal Rhinella arenarum risk assessment teratogenicity weakness analogs and derivatives animal Bufonidae drug effects embryo development embryology gonad growth, development and aging larva metamorphosis nonmammalian embryo toxicity water pollutant Alanine Animals Bufonidae Dioxoles Embryo, Nonmammalian Embryonic Development Female Fungicides, Industrial Gonads Larva Male Metamorphosis, Biological Pyrroles Water Pollutants, Chemical |
| description |
Sublethal toxicity of the formulated fungicide Maxim® XL on embryonic, larval and juvenile development of Rhinella arenarum was evaluated by means of standardized bioassays. Maxim® XL, one of the most used fungicides in Argentina, is based on a mixture of two active ingredients: Fludioxonil and Metalaxyl-M. Maxim® XL exposure induced severe sublethal effects on the embryos, expressed as general underdevelopment, axial flexures, microcephaly, cellular dissociation, abnormal pigmentation, underdeveloped gills, marked edema and wavy tail. As the embryo development advanced, alterations in behavior as spasmodic contractions, general weakness and inanition were observed. Maxim® XL did not affect neither the time required to complete metamorphosis nor sex proportions, but gonadal development and differentiation were impaired. Gross gonadal analysis revealed a significant proportion of exposed individuals with underdevelopment of one or both gonads. Histological analysis confirmed that 18% and 10% of the individuals exposed to 0.25 and 2 mg/L Maxim® XL, respectively, exhibited undifferentiated gonads characterized by a reduced number (or absence) of germ cells. Taking into account the risk evaluation performed by means of Hazard Quotients, this fungicide could be a threat to R. arenarum populations under chronic exposure. This study represents the first evidence of toxic effects exerted by Maxim® XL on amphibians. Finally, our findings highlight the properties of this fungicide that might jeopardize non-target living species exposed to it in agricultural environments. © 2016 Elsevier B.V. |
| author |
Svartz, Gabriela V. Meijide, Fernando Javier Perez de Coll, Cristina Silvia |
| author_facet |
Svartz, Gabriela V. Meijide, Fernando Javier Perez de Coll, Cristina Silvia |
| author_sort |
Svartz, Gabriela V. |
| title |
Effects of a fungicide formulation on embryo-larval development, metamorphosis, and gonadogenesis of the South American toad Rhinella arenarum |
| title_short |
Effects of a fungicide formulation on embryo-larval development, metamorphosis, and gonadogenesis of the South American toad Rhinella arenarum |
| title_full |
Effects of a fungicide formulation on embryo-larval development, metamorphosis, and gonadogenesis of the South American toad Rhinella arenarum |
| title_fullStr |
Effects of a fungicide formulation on embryo-larval development, metamorphosis, and gonadogenesis of the South American toad Rhinella arenarum |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Effects of a fungicide formulation on embryo-larval development, metamorphosis, and gonadogenesis of the South American toad Rhinella arenarum |
| title_sort |
effects of a fungicide formulation on embryo-larval development, metamorphosis, and gonadogenesis of the south american toad rhinella arenarum |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| url |
https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_13826689_v45_n_p1_Svartz http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_13826689_v45_n_p1_Svartz |
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